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Spondyliosoma cantharus, commonly known as the Black Sea Bream or Sargo Negro, is a demersal marine fish belonging to the family Sparidae. It is characterized by its oval, compressed body and silvery-grey coloration, often with faint vertical bands. This species exhibits protogynous hermaphroditism, with individuals typically maturing as females and later transitioning to males. It is a commercially important species in many parts of its range.
Características físicas
- Formato do corpo
- compressed
- Coloração
- Silvery-grey to bluish-grey dorsally, fading to silvery-white ventrally. Often exhibits 7-9 faint, darker vertical bands, which can be more pronounced in juveniles or stressed individuals. Males, especially during breeding, can display a darker, almost black coloration with iridescent blue or green spots on the head and fins. The caudal fin is typically dark-edged.
- Tipo de escama
- ctenoid
- Posição da boca
- terminal
- Características distintivas
- Oval, compressed body, Small mouth with incisor-like teeth in the front and molar-like teeth posteriorly, Protogynous hermaphroditism, Often exhibits faint vertical bands, Darker coloration in breeding males
- Nadadeira dorsal
- Single dorsal fin with 11-12 strong spines and 11-13 soft rays. The spiny portion is longer than the soft-rayed portion.
- Nadadeira caudal
- Moderately forked caudal fin, often with a dark posterior margin.
- Nadadeira peitoral
- Long and pointed pectoral fins.
- Nadadeiras características
- Anal fin with 3 spines and 10-12 soft rays. Pelvic fins are thoracic.
Dicas de identificação
Body Shape and Coloration
Look for an oval, compressed body with a silvery-grey hue and often faint vertical bands. Breeding males are distinctly darker.
Mouth and Teeth
Observe the relatively small mouth with incisor-like teeth at the front and molar-like teeth at the back, characteristic of sparids.
Fin Spines
Count the dorsal fin spines (11-12) and anal fin spines (3) to confirm identification.
Sexual Dimorphism (Breeding Season)
During spawning, males become much darker, almost black, with iridescent blue spots on the head, making them easily distinguishable.
Habitat
- Tipo de água
- saltwater
- Profundidade
- Typically found from 5 to 300 meters (16 to 984 feet), most commonly between 10 and 100 meters.
- Ambiente
- Demersal, inhabiting rocky bottoms, seagrass beds (Posidonia oceanica), sandy areas near reefs, and occasionally muddy substrates. Juveniles often found in shallower, more sheltered areas.
- Distribuição geográfica
- Eastern Atlantic Ocean, from Scandinavia (rarely) south to Namibia, including the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. Also found around the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Azores.
Informações sobre aquário
- Nível de cuidado: advanced
- Temperamento: semi-aggressive
- Alimentação: omnivore
- Tamanho mínimo do aquário: 500 gallons
- Temperatura: 15-22°C (59-72°F)
- Nível de pH: 8.1-8.4
- Dureza da água: 8-12 dKH
- Compatibilidade: Best kept in a species-specific tank or with other large, robust marine fish. Can be territorial, especially males during breeding season.
- Requisitos especiais: Requires a large tank with ample swimming space and rockwork for shelter. Good filtration and stable water parameters are crucial. Not typically recommended for home aquaria due to size and specific needs.
Informações no ambiente natural
- Estado de conservação: least concern
- Sazonalidade: Spawning typically occurs from late winter to early spring (February to May in the Northern Hemisphere). Fishing seasons vary by region, often peaking outside of the main spawning period.
- Preço de mercado: Varies significantly by region and season, generally moderate to high.
- Importância comercial: medium
- Sabor: Mild, delicate, and slightly sweet.
- Textura: Firm, flaky white flesh.
- Métodos de preparo: Baked, Grilled, Pan-fried, Steamed, Roasted
- Valor nutricional: Good source of lean protein, Omega-3 fatty acids, and essential vitamins and minerals.
Fatos principais
Sex Change Artistbehavior
Spondyliosoma cantharus is a protogynous hermaphrodite, meaning individuals are born female and can later change sex to male. This is a fascinating reproductive strategy common in many sparid species.
Nest Builderbehavior
During the breeding season, male Sargo Negro construct nests in sandy or muddy bottoms, often in depressions, which they guard aggressively. Females lay their eggs in these nests.
Color Transformationinteresting
The dramatic color change in males during the breeding season, from silvery-grey to almost black with iridescent spots, is a striking example of sexual dimorphism and plays a role in courtship and territorial displays.
Dietary Flexibilitybehavior
As an omnivore, S. cantharus has a varied diet, consuming small invertebrates, algae, and detritus, showcasing its adaptability to different food sources within its habitat.
Informações de segurança
Seguro- Nível de segurança: safe
- Venenoso: Não
- Comestibilidade: edible
- Observações de manuseio: No specific handling precautions beyond standard fish handling. The dorsal and anal fin spines can be sharp, so care should be taken to avoid punctures.
Espécies similares
Common Sea Bream
Pagellus erythrinus
Pagellus erythrinus typically has a more reddish or pinkish coloration, larger eyes, and lacks the distinct vertical banding often seen in S. cantharus. Its body is generally less deep and more elongated.
White Sea Bream
Diplodus sargus
Diplodus sargus has a more pronounced silvery body with distinct, dark vertical bands that are usually more prominent than those of S. cantharus. It also possesses a distinct black spot on the caudal peduncle and a more pointed snout.
Annular Sea Bream
Diplodus annularis
Diplodus annularis is generally smaller, more silvery, and has a very distinct black ring (annulus) around the caudal peduncle, which S. cantharus lacks. Its body is also typically less deep.
Classificação científica
- Reino
- Animalia
- Filo
- Chordata
- Classe
- Actinopterygii
- Ordem
- Spariformes
- Família
- Sparidae
- Gênero
- Spondyliosoma
- Espécie
- Spondyliosoma cantharus
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