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Epinephelus guttatus, commonly known as the Red Hind or Garoupa-pintada, is a medium-sized marine fish belonging to the family Serranidae (groupers and sea basses). It is characterized by its distinctive reddish-brown to olive-green body covered with numerous small, dark red to reddish-brown spots. This species is a protogynous hermaphrodite, meaning individuals mature as females and later transition to males. They are an important component of reef ecosystems and are targeted by both commercial and recreational fisheries.
Características físicas
- Formato do corpo
- elongated
- Coloração
- The body color ranges from reddish-brown to olive-green, densely covered with small, dark red to reddish-brown spots that extend onto the fins. The belly is typically paler. A distinctive feature is the presence of a black saddle-like blotch on the caudal peduncle, often partially obscured by spots.
- Tipo de escama
- ctenoid
- Posição da boca
- terminal
- Características distintivas
- Numerous small, dark red to reddish-brown spots covering the entire body and fins., A black saddle-like blotch on the caudal peduncle, often visible even if spotted., A relatively deep body, compressed laterally., Large mouth with several rows of small, sharp teeth.
- Nadadeira dorsal
- Single dorsal fin with 11 spines and 15-17 soft rays. The spinous portion is continuous with the soft-rayed portion, with the spines gradually increasing in length posteriorly.
- Nadadeira caudal
- Rounded caudal fin.
- Nadadeira peitoral
- Large, rounded pectoral fins, typically unspotted or with very faint spots.
- Nadadeiras características
- Pelvic fins are shorter than pectoral fins and originate slightly behind the pectoral fin base.
Dicas de identificação
Spotting Pattern
Look for the dense covering of small, dark red to reddish-brown spots over a reddish-brown to olive-green background. These spots are generally uniform in size and distribution.
Caudal Peduncle Spot
Identify the black saddle-like blotch on the upper part of the caudal peduncle (the narrow part of the body connecting to the tail fin). This is a key distinguishing mark.
Fin Coloration
The spots extend onto all fins, except sometimes the pectoral fins which may be unspotted or have very faint spots.
Body Shape
Observe the relatively deep and robust body shape typical of groupers.
Habitat
- Tipo de água
- saltwater
- Profundidade
- Typically found in depths ranging from 2 to 120 meters (6 to 394 feet), most commonly between 10 and 30 meters (33 to 98 feet).
- Ambiente
- Primarily inhabits coral reefs, rocky bottoms, and areas with rubble and seagrass beds. Juveniles often found in shallower, more protected areas.
- Distribuição geográfica
- Western Atlantic Ocean, from Bermuda and North Carolina (USA) south through the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and along the coast of South America to Brazil.
Informações sobre aquário
- Nível de cuidado: advanced
- Temperamento: semi-aggressive
- Alimentação: carnivore
- Tamanho mínimo do aquário: 750 liters (200 gallons)
- Temperatura: 22-26°C (72-79°F)
- Nível de pH: 8.1-8.4
- Dureza da água: 8-12 dKH
- Compatibilidade: Can be kept with other large, robust fish. Not suitable for reef tanks with small fish or invertebrates as they are predatory.
- Requisitos especiais: Requires a large tank with ample rockwork for hiding and territorial establishment. Excellent filtration is essential due to their predatory nature and waste production. Provide a varied diet of meaty foods.
Informações no ambiente natural
- Estado de conservação: least concern
- Sazonalidade: Spawning aggregations typically occur during specific lunar phases, often around the full moon, from January to July in the Caribbean, with peak activity from February to April.
- Preço de mercado: Varies significantly by region and size, generally considered a high-value food fish.
- Importância comercial: medium
- Sabor: Mild, sweet, and delicate
- Textura: Flaky, firm, and moist
- Métodos de preparo: Baked, Grilled, Fried, Steamed, Sautéed
- Valor nutricional: Good source of lean protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and various vitamins and minerals.
Fatos principais
Protogynous Hermaphroditebehavior
Epinephelus guttatus is a protogynous hermaphrodite, meaning all individuals mature first as females and later, under certain conditions (e.g., size, social cues), can change sex to become males.
Spawning Aggregationsbehavior
This species forms predictable, transient spawning aggregations at specific sites during certain lunar phases, making them vulnerable to overfishing.
Longevityrecord
Red Hinds can live for over 20 years, reaching sexual maturity around 3-4 years of age.
Ambush Predatorbehavior
Like most groupers, the Red Hind is an ambush predator, often hiding among rocks and coral to surprise its prey.
Informações de segurança
Manusear com cuidado- Nível de segurança: caution
- Venenoso: Não
- Comestibilidade: edible
- Observações de manuseio: While not venomous, groupers have sharp dorsal fin spines and a powerful bite. Handle with care to avoid punctures and bites. Use gloves and appropriate tools (e.g., lip grippers) when handling. Release quickly and gently if caught recreationally.
Espécies similares
Coney
Cephalopholis fulva
The Coney (Cephalopholis fulva) typically has fewer, larger spots and often exhibits distinct color phases (e.g., bicolored, red, brown). It lacks the prominent black saddle on the caudal peduncle of E. guttatus. The spots on C. fulva are often blue-edged.
Graysby
Cephalopholis cruentata
The Graysby (Cephalopholis cruentata) has fewer, larger, and more widely spaced spots, often with a more reddish overall hue. It typically has 3-5 distinct dark spots or blotches along the base of the dorsal fin, which are absent in E. guttatus. The caudal fin of C. cruentata is often emarginate (slightly forked) compared to the rounded caudal fin of E. guttatus.
Rock Hind
Epinephelus adscensionis
While also spotted, Epinephelus adscensionis (another species sometimes called Rock Hind) generally has larger, more irregularly shaped spots and often exhibits several dark blotches or saddles along the dorsal profile, which are not characteristic of E. guttatus. The black saddle on the caudal peduncle is a more consistent and defining feature of E. guttatus.
Classificação científica
- Reino
- Animalia
- Filo
- Chordata
- Classe
- Actinopterygii
- Ordem
- Perciformes
- Família
- Serranidae
- Gênero
- Epinephelus
- Espécie
- Epinephelus guttatus
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