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Mugil cephalus, commonly known as the Flathead Grey Mullet, is a euryhaline and catadromous fish species found in coastal tropical and subtropical waters worldwide. It is characterized by its robust, cylindrical body, small, triangular mouth, and distinctive adipose eyelid. This species is highly adaptable, inhabiting a wide range of environments from marine coastal areas to estuaries and even freshwater rivers. It plays a significant ecological role as a detritivore and is of considerable commercial importance globally.
Ciri-ciri Fizikal
- Bentuk badan
- torpedo
- Warna
- Dorsal side is typically olive-green to bluish-grey, fading to silvery on the flanks and white on the belly. Often has 6-7 faint longitudinal stripes along the sides, more prominent in younger individuals.
- Jenis sisik
- cycloid
- Kedudukan mulut
- terminal
- Ciri tersendiri
- Robust, cylindrical body, slightly compressed anteriorly., Small, terminal mouth with thick lips., Prominent adipose eyelid covering most of the eye, leaving only a vertical slit for the pupil., Two widely separated dorsal fins., Large, cycloid scales.
- Sirip dorsal
- Two distinct dorsal fins. The first dorsal fin has 4 strong, rigid spines. The second dorsal fin has 8-9 soft rays.
- Sirip ekor
- Moderately forked caudal fin.
- Sirip pektoral
- Pectoral fins are relatively short, not reaching the origin of the first dorsal fin.
- Sirip tersendiri
- Pelvic fins are abdominal, located well behind the pectoral fins.
Petua Pengenalan
Adipose Eyelid
The most distinguishing feature is the prominent, fatty eyelid that covers much of the eye, leaving only a vertical slit for the pupil. This is a key differentiator from many other mullet species.
Dorsal Fins
Two widely separated dorsal fins. The first is spiny (4 spines), and the second is soft-rayed (8-9 rays). This separation is characteristic.
Mouth
Small, triangular mouth with thick lips. The mouth is not protractile, and there are no teeth visible to the naked eye.
Coloration and Stripes
Olive-green to bluish-grey back, silvery sides, and white belly. Faint longitudinal stripes (6-7) are often visible along the sides, especially in younger fish.
Habitat
- Jenis air
- brackish
- Kedalaman
- Typically found in shallow coastal waters, estuaries, lagoons, and lower reaches of rivers, from surface to about 120 meters (390 feet).
- Persekitaran
- Highly adaptable, inhabiting marine, brackish, and freshwater environments. Prefers sandy or muddy bottoms where it can forage for detritus and algae. Tolerates a wide range of salinities and temperatures.
- Julat geografi
- Cosmopolitan distribution in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide, including the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, as well as the Mediterranean and Black Seas.
Maklumat Akuarium
- Tahap penjagaan: advanced
- Perangai: peaceful
- Diet: filter_feeder
- Saiz tangki minimum: 500 gallons (for adults)
- Suhu: 18-28°C (64-82°F)
- Tahap pH: 7.0-8.5
- Kekerasan air: 10-25 dGH
- Keserasian: Generally peaceful with other large, non-aggressive fish. Not suitable for typical home aquariums due to size and specialized feeding.
- Keperluan khas: Requires very large tanks with excellent filtration to handle their detritivorous feeding habits and waste production. Needs fine substrate for foraging and access to brackish or marine conditions. Not commonly kept in home aquaria due to size and specific needs.
Maklumat Liar
- Status pemuliharaan: least concern
- Musim: Spawning typically occurs offshore in autumn and winter in temperate regions, and year-round in tropical areas. Availability for fishing can vary seasonally based on migration patterns and local regulations.
- Harga pasaran: Varies significantly by region and market demand, often moderate to high for food fish and roe.
- Kepentingan komersial: high
- Rasa: Mild, somewhat earthy, can be oily depending on diet and season.
- Tekstur: Firm, flaky, white flesh.
- Kaedah memasak: Grilled, Baked, Fried, Smoked, Steamed, Used for roe (bottarga)
- Nilai pemakanan: Good source of protein, Omega-3 fatty acids, and various vitamins and minerals. Fat content varies seasonally.
Fakta utama
Global Traveleramazing
Mugil cephalus has one of the widest distributions of any fish species, found in tropical and subtropical waters across all major oceans.
Euryhaline Championbehavior
This species is remarkably euryhaline, meaning it can tolerate a wide range of salinities, from full marine to pure freshwater, allowing it to exploit diverse habitats.
Detritivore Dietbehavior
Mugil cephalus primarily feeds on detritus, algae, diatoms, and small invertebrates found in the substrate, acting as an important link in estuarine food webs.
Valuable Roeinteresting
The roe (eggs) of Mugil cephalus is highly prized in many cultures, particularly in the Mediterranean (bottarga) and Asia, where it is considered a delicacy.
Leaping Mulletbehavior
Mullet are known for their characteristic leaping behavior, often jumping clear out of the water, though the exact reason for this behavior is still debated among scientists.
Maklumat keselamatan
Selamat- Tahap keselamatan: safe
- Berbisa: Tidak
- Kebolehmakanan: edible
- Nota pengendalian: No specific handling precautions are required beyond standard fish handling practices. They can be quite slippery due to mucus production.
Spesies serupa
Thinlip Mullet
Liza ramada
Liza ramada has thinner lips and lacks the prominent adipose eyelid of Mugil cephalus. Its pectoral fin typically reaches the origin of the first dorsal fin, unlike M. cephalus.
Thicklip Mullet
Chelon labrosus
Chelon labrosus has noticeably thicker, fleshy lips and a less developed adipose eyelid compared to Mugil cephalus. It also often has a dark spot at the base of the pectoral fin.
Golden Grey Mullet
Liza aurata
Liza aurata is distinguished by a prominent golden spot on each operculum (gill cover) and a less developed adipose eyelid than Mugil cephalus.
Klasifikasi saintifik
- Kerajaan
- Animalia
- Filum
- Chordata
- Kelas
- Actinopterygii
- Ordo
- Mugiliformes
- Keluarga
- Mugilidae
- Genus
- Mugil
- Spesies
- Mugil cephalus
Terokai Flathead Grey Mullet
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