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Epinephelus coioides, commonly known as the Estuary Grouper or Kerapu Lumpur, is a commercially important species of marine fish in the family Serranidae. It is a robust, predatory fish characterized by its mottled coloration and distinctive spots. This species is highly valued in aquaculture and fisheries throughout its range due to its rapid growth and excellent flesh quality. It is a protogynous hermaphrodite, meaning individuals mature as females and can later change sex to male.
Ciri-ciri Fizikal
- Bentuk badan
- elongated
- Warna
- Body color varies from light grey to greenish-brown, covered with numerous small, reddish-brown to orange-brown spots on the head, body, and fins. Five irregular, oblique, dark brown bars may be present on the body, especially in juveniles or stressed individuals. The ventral surface is typically paler.
- Jenis sisik
- ctenoid
- Kedudukan mulut
- terminal
- Ciri tersendiri
- Numerous small, reddish-brown to orange-brown spots covering the entire body and fins., Often exhibits 5 faint, irregular, oblique dark bars on the body., Posterior nostril is significantly larger than the anterior nostril., Caudal fin is rounded in juveniles and truncate to slightly emarginate in adults.
- Sirip dorsal
- 11 spines, 15-17 soft rays. The spinous and soft-rayed portions are continuous, with the soft-rayed portion being higher.
- Sirip ekor
- Truncate to slightly emarginate in adults, rounded in juveniles.
- Sirip pektoral
- 18-20 rays, typically rounded.
- Sirip tersendiri
- Pelvic fins are shorter than pectoral fins and do not reach the anus.
Petua Pengenalan
Spotting Pattern
Look for numerous small, reddish-brown to orange-brown spots covering the head, body, and fins. These spots are generally smaller than the pupil diameter.
Body Bars
Observe for 5 faint, irregular, oblique dark bars on the body, which may be more prominent in younger or stressed fish.
Nostril Size
The posterior nostril is noticeably larger than the anterior nostril, a key diagnostic feature.
Caudal Fin Shape
Adults typically have a truncate to slightly emarginate (forked) caudal fin, while juveniles have a rounded caudal fin.
Habitat
- Jenis air
- saltwater
- Kedalaman
- Typically found in shallow coastal waters from 1 to 100 meters, but most commonly in less than 30 meters.
- Persekitaran
- Prefers turbid, silty, or muddy bottoms in estuaries, mangrove areas, coastal reefs, and rocky substrates. Juveniles are often found in brackish mangrove creeks and seagrass beds, moving to deeper coastal waters as they mature.
- Julat geografi
- Indo-Pacific region, from the Red Sea and East Africa eastward to the western Pacific, including Australia, Papua New Guinea, and extending north to Japan and south to New Caledonia. Widely distributed throughout Southeast Asia.
Maklumat Akuarium
- Tahap penjagaan: advanced
- Perangai: aggressive
- Diet: carnivore
- Saiz tangki minimum: 500 gallons (1890 liters)
- Suhu: 24-28°C (75-82°F)
- Tahap pH: 8.1-8.4
- Kekerasan air: 8-12 dKH
- Keserasian: Only compatible with very large, equally aggressive tank mates. Will consume smaller fish and invertebrates.
- Keperluan khas: Requires a very large tank with ample hiding spaces. Excellent filtration is essential due to its large size and predatory feeding habits. Can be prone to stress in smaller enclosures. Not suitable for typical home aquariums.
Maklumat Liar
- Status pemuliharaan: near threatened
- Musim: Spawning typically occurs during warmer months, varying by geographic location. Peak fishing seasons often coincide with non-spawning periods to ensure sustainability, though year-round availability is common due to aquaculture.
- Harga pasaran: Highly variable based on size, region, and market demand, often fetching premium prices for live specimens.
- Kepentingan komersial: high
- Rasa: Mild, sweet, and delicate
- Tekstur: Firm, flaky, and moist
- Kaedah memasak: Steaming, Grilling, Baking, Frying, Soup
- Nilai pemakanan: Good source of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and essential vitamins and minerals.
Fakta utama
Sex Changebehavior
Epinephelus coioides is a protogynous hermaphrodite, meaning individuals mature first as females and can later transition to males, typically when they reach a larger size.
Estuarine Specialistinteresting
This species is particularly well-adapted to estuarine environments, tolerating a wide range of salinities, especially during its juvenile stage, which is crucial for its survival and growth.
Aquaculture Staramazing
Due to its fast growth rate, good flesh quality, and adaptability, E. coioides is one of the most important grouper species in aquaculture across Southeast Asia.
Ambush Predatorbehavior
Kerapu Lumpur is an opportunistic ambush predator, often hiding among rocks or in crevices, waiting for unsuspecting prey like smaller fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods to pass by.
Maklumat keselamatan
Kendalikan dengan berhati-hati- Tahap keselamatan: caution
- Berbisa: Tidak
- Kebolehmakanan: edible
- Nota pengendalian: While not venomous, groupers have strong jaws and sharp teeth. Handle with care to avoid bites. Large specimens can inflict serious injury. Always use appropriate tools like lip grippers or thick gloves when handling. Spines on the dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins are sharp and can cause painful punctures.
Spesies serupa
Malabar Grouper
Epinephelus malabaricus
E. malabaricus has larger, more irregularly shaped dark spots and blotches, often with white spots interspersed. Its caudal fin is typically rounded at all sizes, and it lacks the distinctively larger posterior nostril of E. coioides.
Giant Grouper
Epinephelus lanceolatus
E. lanceolatus is much larger, with a more robust body and a distinctive pattern of irregular dark blotches and bands, rather than numerous small spots. Its head is proportionally larger, and it lacks the specific spotting pattern of E. coioides.
Flowery Cod
Epinephelus fuscoguttatus
E. fuscoguttatus has a more mottled appearance with larger, darker blotches and spots, often forming a reticulated pattern. It typically has a saddle-like blotch on the caudal peduncle, which is absent in E. coioides.
Klasifikasi saintifik
- Kerajaan
- Animalia
- Filum
- Chordata
- Kelas
- Actinopterygii
- Ordo
- Perciformes
- Keluarga
- Serranidae
- Genus
- Epinephelus
- Spesies
- Epinephelus coioides
Terokai Estuary Grouper
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