How to Identify Cacao-wing Flying Gurnard

To identify Cacao-wing Flying Gurnard (Dactylopterus volitans), look at these key features.

Physical Characteristics

Body shape

elongated

Coloration

Variable, typically mottled brown, green, and yellow patterns on the body, providing excellent camouflage against sandy or rocky bottoms. The large pectoral fins are often brightly colored with iridescent blue spots or bands, especially on the inner surface, which are displayed when spread.

Scale type

ganoid

Mouth position

terminal

Distinctive features

Enlarged, wing-like pectoral fins that can be spread wide, Two separate dorsal fins, the first with two very long, free spines, Large, bony head with a steep profile and prominent eyes, Modified pelvic fins used for 'walking' on the substrate, Body covered in heavy, bony scales (scutes)

Dorsal fin

Two dorsal fins: the first with 2 very long, free spines followed by 4-5 shorter spines; the second dorsal fin has 8 soft rays. The first two spines are often used as sensory organs.

Tail fin

Caudal fin is truncate to slightly emarginate.

Pectoral fin

Greatly enlarged, wing-like, divided into two sections: a smaller anterior part and a much larger posterior part. These fins are supported by numerous rays (typically 28-30).

Distinctive fins

Pelvic fins are thoracic, with 1 spine and 4 soft rays, modified for walking on the seabed.

Identification Tips

1. 1

   Pectoral Fins

   The most striking feature. When at rest, they are folded against the body. When disturbed or moving, they are spread wide, revealing vibrant patterns, often with iridescent blue spots or bands. This 'flying' display is unmistakable.

2. 2

   Head Shape

   Large, bony, and somewhat flattened head with a steep forehead and prominent, upward-pointing eyes. The head is covered in bony plates.

3. 3

   Dorsal Spines

   Note the two very long, free spines at the front of the first dorsal fin, which are often held erect and can be moved independently.

4. 4

   Locomotion

   Observe its unique 'walking' behavior on the seabed using its modified pelvic fins, distinct from the swimming motion of most fish.

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